Claude Cahun: Boy & Girl Together

Claude Cahun: Boy & Girl Together For this discussion I found an interest in the gender bending â€Å"self-portraiture† of Claude Cahun. An added interest I later found about Cahun and her work came after googling her name; I found some articles about feminism in art that not only speak about Cahun and her feminist work, but also about Cindy Sherman’s art as well (Imagine that to my surprise).Cahun was one of first the 20th century (female) artists to dress herself up in an array of gender bending disguises and photographed herself in the name of art, from the time she was 16 with the collaborative assistance of her life partner (and step sister), Marcel Moore. Cahun had preferred to present herself as both object and subject for her own sexual fascinations, rather than a passive object (Claude Cahun, Self-Portrait, 1928, The Guerilla Girls’ Beside Companion to the History of Western Art, page 62) o be consumed by the â€Å"male gaze. † Claude’s wor k was scandalous to everyone including the homophobic, surrealist men she hung out with, as she paved her own path towards liberation; could Cahun and Moore have been the first two Guerilla Girls’ of the 20th century? Yes, I do feel that woman’s artwork is read in a gender-based way, while men’s is mainly looked at in terms of its content and statement. Claude Cahun’s artwork is looked at as scandalous and pornographic; the surrealists wrote her out of their history.On the contrary the surrealists could appreciate that of Rrose Selavy, the avant-garde alter ego of Marcel Duchamp; a male artist disguised as a woman for art’s sake. Claude Cahun’s gender most definitely comes into play when interpreting and studying her work, as well as her sexual identity. Cahun disrupts restrictive ideas about gender, social prescriptions and femininity. The fact that has surprised me throughout the study of art history is that only the art of white, European affiliated men held any merit. Meaning, the art itself was not looked at by what it was or how well it was created, but y who created it as to whether it was to be consider museum worthy or not. â€Å"What do women want? They want the human to be neither man nor woman. † – Jean-Francois Lyotard (The Guerilla Girls’ Beside Companion to the History of Western Art, page 59) I found this to be supportive of how artwork should be studied, interpreted and of its success of not. The art should be the topic and the content and message be heard over the fact of whether it is created by a man, a woman or someone in-between. References: * The Guerrilla Girls' bedside companion to the history of Western art. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Print. page 62-63. * â€Å"Claude Cahun. Guerrillagirlsbroadband. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. http://ggbb. org/meet-the-broads/claude-cahun/. Claude Cahun – radical, Jewish, lesbian, writer, resistance fighter, political activ ist, Surrealist, photographer strangely prescient in their concern with sexual politics and gender identity. Her self-portraits represent such a diverse range of sexual selves Although Cahun did not become closely associated with Andre Breton’s Surrealists util the early 1930s, she later declared herself to have â€Å"always been a surrealiste†. The Surrealists organized in response to the rise of Hitler and the spread of fascism in France.Her political commitment extended throughout her life, and though she might best be described as a libertarian anarchist, her politics had an explicitly feminist subtext In examining issues of female self-identity and subjectivity, before they were really formulated as such, Cahun was moving toward her own liberation. Jersey was occupied by the Germans during World War II, and the two women mounted resistance activities such as writing and distributing anti-Nazi leaflets. Cahun was nearly executed for this act, but was given a reprie ve at the last minute.German soldiers moved into Cahun and Moore’s home, destroying much of their art work, including original photographs, photo-plates and negatives. The two women were subsequently incarcerated. The ignorance about Cahun is such that there are source books on Surrealism that refer to her as a man. Cahun’s boyish image was, in fact, shocking in the context of mainstream French Surrealism. The male Surrealists not only advocated heterosexuality, but tended to be homophobic. Claude was a lesbian, A Jew, and a Marxist, three no-nos to the Nazis, who invaded France in 1940.

Elements of Business Research

Big things come in small packages – which work the same for business research papers. What makes a good paper does not necessarily have to be an overwhelmingly exemplary presentation. Logically, what catches the attention of the reader to keep on reading such is the value of its contents, most especially, the credibility of the research. No matter how wonderful the presentation of the data may seem to be, but the content has been poorly resourced out, the overall material is of no use in the end.Therefore, it is clear that the type of research conducted should be appropriate to the subject in discussion, wherein the data is able to be best measured and consequently, the conclusion of the research is rational and plausible. Moving forward, the various types of research design will be detailed further to elaborate each of the type’s advantages and disadvantages. There are three (3) types of research design being utilized in different areas of study – Field Study, F ield Experiment and Survey.Field Study is where the researcher visits a site, observes and asks questions, but does not alter anything. It is similar to a naturalist observing wildlife without doing anything and maintaining the balance of the habitat (Borgatti, 1997). What makes this method very reliable is that there is a relatively large amount of factual data from the natural surroundings. Moreover, the variables collected are retrieved simultaneously from the area in question, thus, the consistency of the samples are not highly affected.Another advantage of Field Studies is that the researcher tends to have less impact on the subject data, as compared to other schemes (McCarthy, 1998), thereby arriving to a stronger conclusion, all derived from the variables natural state. It should also be noted however, that the drawback of not having to manipulate the variables on hand may also mean the inability to infer causality amongst the variables (McCarthy, 1998). This is due to the fa ct that field studies normally deduce conclusions from simply what is given by the environment – less thought-processing therefore is involved in terms of creating hypothesis remarks.The second type, Field Experiment, is where the subject is observed in a natural setting rather than in a contrived laboratory environment. However, like natural experiments, field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination that may affect the experimental conditions in question. There is less control on the side of the researcher and the difficulty of penetrating a business or industrial setting for this purpose may also pose as a problem (McCarthy, 1998).Finally, the third scheme, Survey – method of gathering information by determining a set of pre-formulated questions in a structured questionnaire to a select group of individuals drawn to represent a defined population (Borgatti, 1997). What makes studies drawn through surveys reliable is because results of surveys often y ield new hypotheses from the answers garnered (McCarthy, 1998). In addition, surveys have the flexibility to be in various forms – questionnaire, interviews, observations, etc.It should be considered however when making conclusions, that survey results may not entirely reflect high return rates thus, threatening the representation of responses, resulting to biases. Understanding the types of research design is not complete without being able to interpret your gathered data qualitatively and quantitatively. Depending on the need of the subject matter, it is vital that the data is analyzed and measured accordingly. Four (4) types of measurement scales can be used to aid one’s business research in making them more compelling, and they are as follows: (a) nominal; (b) ordinal; (c) interval; and (d) ratio.Nominal scale, the lowest level of measurement, involves either verbal or numerical labels for any given category (Gavin, 1996). Variables here are placed within a mutuall y exclusive and exhaustive category, such as â€Å"male† or â€Å"female† categories denoting sex or gender as the nominal scale (Sable Tutorial, 1999). Another example can be the numbers of the baseball players found at the back of their jerseys. The numbers in this example are used to identify the players and one will notice that no two players are alike. Each variable (number per player) is different and can only be assigned to one person.Ordinal scale is similar to that of nominal scales but differ as the former has the property of order or ranking (Gavin, 1996). Ordinal scales, however, does not denote any size or quantity of the variable as it merely permits the classification of categories be identified alongside with the hierarchy of interests and its frequency. The ordinal scale is a much stronger form of measurement than the nominal scale because the variables are ordered, ranked and can be subjected to non-parametric tests as the results will be more sensibl e (Gavin, 1996).An example of ordinal scale is the winning set of players in a marathon game – the 1st -, 2nd – and 3rd-placers. There is indeed a ranking but the scale does not provide information about the absolute differences between 1st and 2nd or between 2nd and 3rd. We can also take as an example of ordinal scales the rankings of four restaurants in study. They can be assigned with numbers that will represent the scale being the most-liked up to the least-liked numerical ranking (Gavin, 1996).The consistency should be maintained as to which number represents a certain definition so as to keep the ordinal scale in place. Next is the third measurement scale, Interval scale. Interval scales provide us with still more quantitative data. In an interval scale, variables are measured against a plane where the distance between numbers or units is equal over all levels of the scale (Sable Tutorial, 1999). To cite an example, the Fahrenheit scale of measurement in a thermo meter shows that the distance between 10 degrees and 30 degrees is the same as the distance between 50 degrees and 70 degrees.The year dates in most calendars can also be assigned and measured against an interval scale. Note that in this particular scale of measurement, there is no fixed zero that means a zero quantity of the aspect of interest. Finally, the most powerful form of measurement scale is the Ratio scale. Ratio scale differs only from the interval scale given the former’s true zero point. The zero point allows further more interpretations and more valid assumptions and conclusions.Time is a very certain example of ratio scale as not only can we say the difference between two hours and ten hours, but we can also say that ten hours is five times as long as two hours – ratio in comparison (Sable Tutorial, 1999). Other social variables of ratio measure include age, length of residence in a given place and in a particular period of time. These measurement scales are chronologically arranged from the least to the most powerful form. In the end regardless of which scale is used it is crucial that the instrument should be practical, valid and reliable (Gavin, 1996).Research methods are basically used to avoid or at least lessen biases. A multidisciplinary team approach is best in conducting research work, armed with proper research techniques and valid statistical method of scales will equate to a non-refutable conclusion. At the end of the day, one should be smart enough to acknowledge the fact that whatever scheme of research or measurement is chosen, nothing will replace one’s sound judgment and keen consideration of underlying assumptions in one’s data analysis. References McCarthy, P. (1998). Steps in the research process. Retrieved on July 18, 2007 from www.mtsu. edu/ Sable Tutorial. (1999). Measurement scales in social science research. Retrieved on July 18, 2007 from Virginia Tech in www. simon. cs. vt. edu Borgatti, S. (1997). Research glossary. Retrieved on July 18, 2007 from www. analytictech. com Gavin, T. (1996). Research forum-methodology-measurements, Part 1: Principles & theory. Retrieved on July

Advantages and disadvantages of E-business

Advantages and disadvantages of E-business Using Internet technology to provide improved customer service, make more efficient business processes, increase sales, and reduce wastage is called E-business. E-business uses the internet tools such as websites, online banking, and web based customer relationship. Advantages of E-Business: There are many benefits an organisation can get with having an E-Business solution for the business. Worldwide Presence: The major advantage of engaging business online, to have presence nationwide or worldwide. IBM uses the e-business term to provide services to the customer and was one of the first companies uses this term. Dell Inc. and Amazon are the other success stories using E-Business to flourish their business. Cost Effective Marketing and Promotions: using internet to market products is a very nominal method which guarantees the worldwide reach. Pay per click advertising is a effective technique which ensure the business only pay for the advertisement that actually viewed. Better Custo mer Service: E-Business has change the customer services image enormously. Number of customers can visit or the website at same time. Some website have online chat feature to help the customer to find out more about the product they are interested in. moreover orders can be placed online by processing payments securely over the internet and products can be shipped to the customer. In this case customers even do not have to leave the house. Disadvantages of E-Business: Even above mentioned advantages there are some disadvantages of the E-Business. Some of them are listed below. Sartorial limitation: the main disadvantage of E-Business is lack of growth in some sectors i.e. food. Consumer prefers to look the food products physically before buying. Costly maintenance: substantial recourses are required to setup online business which requires computer upgrade, personnel trainings and website upgrade. This can be a disadvantage for some organisation. Security concern: The security concer ns also lead to privacy issue. There are many examples of contact lists and personal details were hacked or exposed due to weak E-Business system security. Virus threat. Physical products constrain. Perishable goods. Types of business organisation: There are two major types of the business. Private sector: Private firms are owned and run by private individual. There is further classification in private sector firms. Sole traders: A sole trader owns and runs a business. They contribute capital to start the enterprise, run it with or without employees, and earn the profits or stand the losses of the venture. Sole traders are found mainly in the retail trades (local newsagents), small scale service industries (plumbers), and small manufacturing and craft industries. Advantages: Easy to setup Can keep all the profits Make key decision. Flexibility Disadvantages: Unlimited liability Limited access to capital Pressure of being solely responsible. Partnership: Partnership is defined as â⠂¬Ëœthe relation who subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit’. A partnership is not a separate legal person distinct from its members; it is merely a ‘relation’ between persons. Each partner (there must be at least two) is usually personally liable for all the debts of the firm.

Computer Network Security Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Network Security - Case Study Example In order to protect digital information, organizations are keen to implement technical controls such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, honeypots and Demilitarized zones. These controls are considered as logical and provide security on the logical layer. However, often the important aspect i.e. information security management is not addressed to the optimal level. A typical information security program is led by an information security manager who establishes a steering committee for discussing security aspects focusing not only on the IT department but every department within the enterprise. Some of the management controls that are implemented by the information security manager are IT governance, Risk management, monitoring Key Process Indicators (KPI) and Key Goal Indicators (KGI). KPI demonstrates the current state of security within an organization and KGI demonstrates the level of security to be achieved. As per the current scenario, critical data must be protected by i mplementing Firewalls to secure the network from external logical threats and Virtual Private Network will be implemented for securing the data transmission on the Wide Area Network. 2 Detailed Network Security Recommendations 2.1 Fundamentals of Firewall and VPN Network security appliances are implemented for providing three fundamental functions i.e. prevention, detection, and correction. Some of the most commonly adopted security appliances are Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Firewall is defined as â€Å"a piece of software or hardware device that ? filters the information coming through the Internet connection into a private network or a computer system. Firewall enforces an access control policy between two or more networks with two key functions: to block unwanted traf?c, and to permit wanted traf?c† (Firewall.2007). Similarly, as per network dictionary, Intrusion detection system is defined as â€Å"Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a type of security man agement system for computers and networks. An IDS gathers and analyzes information from various areas within a computer or a network to identify possible security breaches, which include both intrusions and misuse†. 2.2 Recommendation for Firewall and VPN Remote access ‘VPN’ provide emulation of a workstation to a remote user. It can extend every application related to data, video or voice communication. Remote access ‘VPN’ can provide highly customizable and secure remote access to employees anywhere anytime with any compatible device (Vachon & Graziani,). They can access the network resources and data access with any compatible device. The remote access ‘VPN’ portrays a realistic user experience as the user access his own system. The access is more flexible and easy because it can be operated by any compatible computing device. Remote access ‘VPN’ supports a wide variety of connectivity options and platforms, fulfilling the user requirements efficiently. 2.3 Recommended Solution for the Enterprise-A recommended solution for the enterprise will be a hardware-based firewall that is also called as Adaptive Security appliance ASA 5500 from Cisco. The ‘Cisco ASA 5500 Series Security Appliances’ personalize the security for specific network requirements such as securing credit card transactions.  

Bullying at Health care Work Places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying at Health care Work Places - Essay Example As the paper outlines workplace bullying has been recognized as one of the most recurrent internal issues which affect health care dissemination. In definition, workplace bullying is any form of abuse that is repetitive in a way such that the victim suffers intimidation, threats, verbal abuse, humiliation, or just any act which keeps them from performing their duties to the best of their ability. The danger of workplace bullying affects both the professional and patient in this context of health care. In the light of these, the following study will highlight the issue of health care workplace bullying, and support that it limits the dissemination of health care, thus endangering the lives of patients. From this paper it is clear that workplace bullying in health care is a big problem which affects the professionals and their patients as well. Again, he states that bullying will lead to lack of morale and feelings of helplessness, and any health care professional subjected to such conditions cannot perform well. The reasons offered as to why a health care professional may bully another include the need to control others, lack of remorse or guilt, an exaggerated sense of self, or being overly stubborn amongst others. Some forms of bullying include lack of appreciation by supervisors where credit is due, unfair degradation occurs, being falsely termed as incompetent, or denial or requested help. The list is endless. The impact of bullying is dangerous since it may lead to lost productivity, high turnover, work dissatisfaction, work-related injuries, and absenteeism. Collectively, these factors affect the patient most since they lack sufficient care, or receive low quality care, or l ack any care at all.

Write a brief memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a brief memo - Essay Example It is also critical to consider the content of the constitution in depths rather than shallow mastery and reference to the preamble. The overall goal of the constitution is to boost the welfare of the citizens with particular focus to liberty and human rights. All the statutes are derived from specific sections of the constitution which is also subject to amendments. In this case of vaccination, the cardinal objective of the State of South Caledonia health department was to improve healthcare of its population. The effective implementation policy was to institute a law in line with section 137 of chapter 75 of the Revised Laws of Massachusetts. Mr. Dalrymple need to know that While the mere rejection of his offers of proof does not strictly present a federal question, the court may properly regard the exclusion of evidence upon the ground of its incompetency or immateriality under the statute as showing what, in the opinion of the state court, is the scope and meaning of the statute (Gostin, 2008). It is very clear from the statute which provides that failure by any person eligible to vaccination to comply attracts a fine of $750. This was the case of Jacobson v Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905) in which the battle on constitutional interpretation and understanding reigned. The defendant based the better part of his factual argument on the declaration of the preamble before the jury and lost. Although the defendant gave several facts in an effort to prove his innocence in Jacobson’s plea, the complainant won because all indications clearly tell that the defendant was duly informed and exempted of any expense in the vaccination process request. This case presents several facts in regard to people’s understanding of the law. In line with the 14th amendment of the constitution and the vaccination law, the state health stand in

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Football Industry Assignment

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Football Industry - Assignment Example Weaknesses of the Football Industry The football industry has problems with transparency in governance. There have been several issues of match fixing that goes against the doctrine of fair play. Match fixing is much common in highly competitive tournaments such as the World Cup, EUFA Champions League and the Premier League (Hopkins & Treadwell 2014, p. 117). In addition, there have been issues with buying new players and transfers where football clubs enroll underage players or evade taxes. Another weakness of the industry is overreliance on a single source of income. Football teams rely on funds from subscriptions of supporters. The situation implies that the financial position of teams is dependent on the number of tickets sold. However, ticket sales are not constant and are affected by several factors such as team performance, weather, and the economic situation. In this regard, football teams have an uncertain future unless the industry diversify its sources of income. The football industry is reliant on the media for coverage and publicity. This means that the industry must maintain good relations with the media. People who cannot visit stadia often follow matches through television. The media houses benefit from broadcasting the football content by paying the teams specified amounts of money. However, the media houses benefiting from the content desire more control in the sport (Chadwick & Hamil 2010, p.249). The industry can suffer greatly if there are wrangles with the media and may lose supporters.

Q7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Q7 - Essay Example We can not say with certainty that the specific programming environment is best for particular use. Here we have variety of programming environments that are functional and efficient in diverse domains. Their working power is linked to the area of the system development. So the choice of a best programming environment is possible to a definite aspect of system development and application development. Each programming environment is tied to specific domain of system development, like that web, desktop, scientific, real-time, etc. applications. There is no such excellent programming environment exist for the development of the all kinds and type of the applications (Bishop-Clark et al. 2006). Integrated Development Environment or IDE software is fundamentally software or programs to develop/build other programs or applications. They are usually software editing location by means of advance tools to aid the developers and programmers to write and develop the code speedily as well as proficiently. For instance PHP is an IDE system that is capable to build PHP driven website applications by means of a blend of PHPEclipse and Eclipse (Des Rivià ¨res & Wiegand, 2004). Here main advantage we have is regarding the less time and effort for the software development and execution. These applications of Integrated Development Environment systems typically proffer assortment of facilities and attributes for the effectual execution as well as coding (development) of the applications. These features facilitate the coders, programmers, and developers to take the advantages regarding the less time and effort for the software development. The intact design with an Integrated Development Environment can be built or developed quickly as well as easily. Its features and tools are believed to ease the management stop happening mistakes, resources as well as offer shortcuts (Des Rivià ¨res & Wiegand, 2004). The

Reducing the driver texting while driving can significant reduce the Essay

Reducing the driver texting while driving can significant reduce the number of car accident - Essay Example Texting while driving kills thousands of people each year. To stop these completely preventable accidents, every person who drives needs to stop texting in the car and wait to answer the phone. Distracted driving, which is the practice of not paying full attention to the road, is a big killer, and cell phone usage is one key factor. According to the FCC, in 2012 alone â€Å"driver distraction was the cause of 18 percent of all fatal crashes,† totaling more than 3300 deaths and over 421,000 injured people (FCC). While there are a number of ways that drivers could be distracted in their car, text messaging stands out as a very notable culprit. There are a huge amount of at-risk drivers who use cell phones. A poll from 2014 showed that 90% of all Americans own cell phones, 64% of which are smartphones (Pew Research Center). On top of that, studies have found that â€Å"text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse than driving while not distracted† (FCC). This is because, as can be imagined, the driver of a car who is trying to text has his or her attention split between a screen and the road. Distracted driving accidents have increased a lot in the past decade due to an increase in cell phone and smartphone usage. From 1999 to 2008, there was an increase of almost five percent in the number of fatal accidents which involved distracted driving (Wilson & Stimpson 2214). This makes sense when thinking about the increase in cell phone usage during that time. And the last few years of this period are the biggest increase, which ties in with more smart phones being popular for teenagers. Just from 2005 to 2008 there was an increase of 28% in distracted driving deaths (Wilston & Stimpson 2214). But there is still hope for the texting disaster. As Alosco et al. showed in a simulated driving study, texting as well as eating caused â€Å"impaired performance,† and interestingly, those who took part in the study after the fact understood that â€Å"texting

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information Essay

The Social Web and Security Risks on People's Information - Essay Example Indeed, those kinds of risks exist for both individuals and organizations—two kinds of entities that are both increasingly using social media as a way of communicate with others. Throughout this paper, the analysis of risks of social web will incorporate both individual users who may use social media casually to communicate with a particular circle of people, and organizations that may use social media to market their products and services to the public. Neither class is immune to the challenges that we all face when using social media to keep information private, since the process of making information public is irreversible. According to Pew Research (2011), the percentages of individuals using social networking sites, especially within the 18 to 29 age bracket, has skyrocketed since 2005 (Figure 1.). Similar sorts of trends can be observed in the 30 to 49 and 50 to 64 age brackets, although the sharpness of that curve is more subdued. Over half of people in all three of tho se age brackets, however, are using social networking websites, and roughly one-third of people 65 or older are using social networking websites. Considering the prevalence of social media in our 21st century reality, it is necessary to slow down and to give some thought to the drawbacks of this technology, in addition to its benefits. When discussing either drawbacks or benefits, one should keep in mind these rising statistics about usage. Social networking becomes more valuable as people join and connect, which means social media has a great deal of staying power. Figure 1. Social networking usage by age. Pew Research (2011). Figure 2. Communication methods used to engage employees. McCasland (2009). Clearly, social media is having a large-scale impact on how individuals communicate with others. However, organizations are increasingly utilizing social media. In fact, 21st century organizations consider social media as an important tool of marketing. In addition, social media has o ther uses, including to engage employees and to foster productivity (Figure 2.). As was mentioned previously, what is unique to the new phenomenon of social networking is that information uploaded to such websites is there permanently. In times of interpersonal networking without the internet, oral communication carried information from person to person. Oral communication is temporary and sometimes forgotten. However, in the 21st century, there is a public record of information that at some points in history individuals never would have thought to share with others. With such permanence to information, it is possible for undesirable consequences to come about by sharing. Sometimes these negative consequences are defined by a malicious intent, while at other times, these consequences are accidental. For instance, in organizations, blocking Facebook is not only a matter of preventing malware from entering company computers or keeping employees productive—it is also about posit ively representing the company to the public, which a Facebook profile essentially is (Cluley, 2010). Individuals sometimes forget that, like organizations, they have a public online presence that can be damaged by sharing their information in a public space. However, in spite of those potential threats, organization and individuals are still using the social web at miraculous rates. The primary benefit of social media is the connections that it

Proposed Market Entry Strategy Essay Example for Free

Proposed Market Entry Strategy Essay 1. Executive Summary The use of air conditioning is widespread since it does not only provide appropriate room temperature for electrical equipments that make internet and telecommunication works but also provide comfortable atmosphere for cooling rooms in a houses, trade centers, office buildings and many others. The situation reveals that air conditioning equipments have vital roles in society. However, the use of air conditioning devices is associated with high costs since they consume large power of electrical current. Under such circumstances, the development of efficient cooling and purifying devices become the next stage in the air cooling and purifying development. One of air purifying and cooling products available in the market is EnerVent ®, which developed by Northridge Enterprise. The company understands that to win customers’ hearts, there are four key features that EnerVent ® should possess; they are true Fresh air delivery, low costs and low heating air conditioning in compact design, high quality of air purifiers that are not merely circulating the same air in a room, and capability to eliminate harmful gases, mold, and germs. Concerning the issue, this paper has elaborated several issues concerning the market entry strategy for EnerVent ® including target markets, market potential, competitive market analysis, marketing objectives, marketing mix strategy (product, place, promotion, and place) 2. Introduction 2.1. Development of Air Conditioning and Purifying Products Nowadays, the discussion over the benefits of the sophisticated information technology including computers and telecommunications on business and communication is an endless topic in seminars or exhibitions. However, in order to work properly, such equipments need low-temperature in order to prevent overheating so that the use of high-power air conditioning is vast in the equipment rooms. In addition to the use of air conditioning devices for cooling rooms, they also provide comfortable atmosphere for cooling rooms in a houses, trade centers, office buildings and many others. The situation reveals that air conditioning equipments have vital roles in society. This makes sense since the use of air conditioning is widespread and easily found in almost every place that provide comfortable atmosphere. According to ARI CoolNet, air conditioning has several functional benefits as following: ï‚ § Providing personal comfort ï‚ § Improving productivity in the workplace where it relates to the comfortable place the air conditioning provides ï‚ § Increasing good medical and health services ï‚ § Helping vendors to preserve fresh and frozen foods like seafood, frozen potatoes, sausage an many others ï‚ § Protecting electrical equipment from excessive heating Since the use of air conditioning, previously called as manufactured air, is vital in day-to-day activities, it becomes a significant invention in human history. However, recent air conditioning or ventilation products do not end in the development of fancy casing or cooler temperature but also in several values added features. For example, the invention of Plasma cluster technology, which is capable of killing 99-percent bacterium and viruses including Aviation flue viruses, becomes the Sharps’ competitive advantage that generate revenue for the Japanese company’s air conditioning and cooling products including refrigerators, chillers, air conditioner, air purifiers, to name a few. However, the use of air conditioning products is associated with high costs since they consume large power of electrical current. Under such circumstances, the development of efficient cooling and purifying devices become the next stage in the air cooling and purifying development. 2.2. EnerVent ® Products EnerVent ® is manufactured to fulfill the need for efficient ventilation system that has several features including compact design (small) and lightweight compared to existing whole house and individual room air conditioning system. The EnerVent ® has favorable tagline that clearly target particular customers as following: There is nothing like fresh air from open windows on a Spring day. Yet high heating and air conditioning costs keep homes sealed tight to save money. Harmful odors, gases, mold, and germs stay in. Even quality air purifiers can only clean and circulate the same air. The EnerVent ® system offers the best of both worlds, bringing in and circulating out up to 12 true air exchanges daily without a significant energy penalty† The EnerVent ® jargon suggests that there are four features that the company concerns when developing EnerVent ®; they are Fresh air delivery, low costs and low heating air conditioning in compact design, high quality of air purifiers that are not merely circulating the same air in a room, and capability to eliminate harmful gases, mold, and germs. Concerning the size, Figure 1 shows example of several air conditioning designs that appear to be ‘usual’, large, and ‘compact’ design. (a) GMG (b) Delonghi Figure 1 Several Design of Existing Air Conditioning System Source: OK CHINA INDUSTRIAL LTD, 2007 In addition to size, competition in air conditioning system evolves into the provision of fresh air that circulate the true fresh air from the outside instead circulating the same air. This feature is significantly important since people have great concerns over the raising pollution because of industrial plants discard smoke, the forest fire, bad air-refreshing systems in a house, etc. Generally, air pollution in the U.S., to be precise, and other industrial countries is because acid rain in both the U.S. and Canada in which the US becomes a country that emits a large amount of carbon dioxide as the result of fossil fuels burning; limited resources of natural fresh water, water pollution due to pesticides and fertilizers (â€Å"Air pollution from other countries drifts into USA†, 2005). Concerning the capability of eliminating odor, EnerVent ® also present attractive features since the product is capable of eliminating harmful odors, gases, mold, and germs. In the market, this feature is best represented by Sharp’s Plasma cluster product as shown in the Figure 2. (a) Sharp FU40SEK (b) Sharp FU-S40TA Figure 2 Sharp Air Purifier with Plasma cluster technology Source: Callde, 2007; Pantipmarket, 2007 3. Target Markets Since EnerVent ® has particular characteristics that present the â€Å"true† fresh air to either â€Å"whole houses† and â€Å"individual room†, therefore, the target market for EnerVent ® is as following: ï‚ § Brand of Products : True fresh air like one from open windows on a Spring day Eliminate harmful odors, gases, mold, and germs stay in Low energy consumption ï‚ § Customers’ Preferences : People who concern about the need for fresh air in a room that has capability to eliminate harmful materials at low operation costs ï‚ § Ages : above 25 (this is the age where people use their rational reasons when buying a product). This is important since home electronic industry are fulfilled with advertising that trick customers ï‚ § Income Levels : above $2,500 per month (considering that the price of air Purifying is above $100, see Figure 3) Figure 3 Air Purifier Source: Bizrate, 2007 4. Market Potential and Sales Forecast The market potential for air purifiers from EnerVent ® is people who concerns about the People who concern about the need for fresh air in a room that has capability to eliminate harmful materials at low operation costs. The description suggests that EnerVent ® target both high-end customers since they are more concern about complete features regardless the price and low-end customers since they concern about low-operational costs despite high ownership costs. For high end customers, they realize that air pollution is more influencing the children than adult. All of U.S. researchers open their study about finding the polluted air impact at the children. It is believed that air pollution make the children lung become smaller. This evidence assures that air pollution own the chronic impact. In addition, this impact will be permanent at all of the children until they become adult (â€Å"Air Pollution Might Affect Lung Development in Children, Study Finds†, 2004). Bad air quality give the negative impact to the environmental quality and the financial loss because of the air pollution is not small. Because financially, air pollution will improve the cost, which must be become the responsibility of society. It can be in the form of medical expense for pain suffered, decreasing of the work productivity as an effect of air pollution, and decreasing of the prosperity life. Due to the fact that air pollution may provide unfavorable condition for an entire family; therefore, Northridge Enterprise has wide market potential to sell EnerVent ®, the true air purifier. To be specific the market potential for EnerVent ® is as following: 4.1. Middle and High Class market, Offices and Buildings There are many considerations in the minds of consumers when they are buying air conditioning product. In most parts of the world, air conditioning is the consumption of middle and high-class families, buildings and offices. For these people, cost is not the prime factor of consideration. It is quality that concerns them the most. In the light of this consideration, the Enervent will only gain small portion of the market in this segment because there are many air conditioning products which have better features and higher capacity to regulate air in larger offices. The Enervent on the other hand, can only regulate air in a limited space because it does not have the capability of producing cool air as a regular air conditioning machine. There are however, mid and high class households and small offices that prefer to use air purifier because they like the natural atmosphere of their houses and offices. These are generally smaller establishments or places which have plenty, but small to medium-sized rooms. This represents an opportunity for Enervent to enter the medium and high class households, buildings and offices. The opportunity however, is very small compare to the entire market of air conditioning equipment in the medium and high class market. 4.2. Medium and Lower Income Families Air conditioning needs are not the sole demands of medium and high-class establishments. In the modern realm where people’s desire for quality has been considerably enhanced, the need for air conditioning spreads to the low income families and offices. This represents a better opportunity for Enervent to gain larger portion of the market. This is true because for low income families and low-budget offices, the cost of having a full fledged air conditioning system can be quite overwhelming. In previous times, they generally switch to air purifier products because they are cheaper and do not consume too much electricity. However, the presence of the Enervent creates new and better alternative. These people could gain better quality than average air purifiers and pay cheaper costs than the average air conditioner products (Ward, 2007). 4.3. The market for Air Regulator Machines The rapid development of economy in various regions of the world generated massive demands for air conditioning products. In some markets, the air conditioning products are displaying a rapid increase, like the Indian market and Saudi Arabian. They are potential markets because of their geographic conditions and their economic development. On the other hand, there are also markets that displayed declining tendencies in the air conditioning market development because of the over-crowded markets, like China. In Europe, United States and most of the Asian countries displayed stable or otherwise mild development in the air conditioning market (Wind of Change, 2006). The product is, on the other hand, a revolutionary product filling a niche between the high cost air conditioning equipment and the simple air purifier machine. In a sense it has similar but different markets than those of the air conditioner products. Because of the revolutionary nature of the industry, and the contributions from low income, middle and high class markets elaborated above, I believe that the product will take over approximately 5-10% of the air conditioning market in the end of the first year. Furthermore, being the sole producer of Enervent, then the sales number of the company will be similar to that percentage. For instance, if the US air conditioning market is worth US$ 1 billion annually, then Enervent will generate a sales number of US$ 50-100 million. 5. Competitive Market Analysis The air conditioning industry is a global industry. Most of the modern countries plus several of the developing countries witnessed rapid growth of their air national air conditioning industry. In Saudi Arabia for example, demands for air conditioners is the highest in the world. Analysts have stated that the Saudi Arabian market has become a unique investment opportunities for foreign investors. Although not exactly alike, similar rate of growth can be witnessed in India and other developing countries (Saudi Aircon, 2007). Despite the rapid growth of the industry, Enervent cannot expect to gain the full benefit of the market development. The direct competitor of Enervent is air conditioning itself. Despite their significantly higher prices, they have larger capacity of regulating temperature and the condition of large rooms. Modern air conditioning is also equipped with various features that do not exist in Enervent, like self cleaning device, etc. Furthermore, air conditioning has a better and more widespread reputation that Enervent, which is a new and unpopular product. The competitive advantages of Enervent against the direct competitor are price and efficiency. The product is considerably cheaper, lighter and more far more electricity efficient than the average air conditioning machine. Indirect competitor of Enervent is the cheaper and simpler air purifier. The low cost and electricity efficient device is also quite popular as alternative of air conditioners. They generate significantly less cost than the average air conditioner, but cannot act as a temperature regulator. Many considered that the air purifier and the air conditioner market is not the same. Nevertheless, they are the same. Air purifier is an indirect competitor of both the air conditioner market and Enervent. Enervent has the advantage of temperature control with similarly low cost and efficient electricity compare to the air purifier. In addition to the analysis above, there are also other factors in the air conditioner industry that generates opportunities for Enervent to grow, they are: †¢ The emerging new styles of offices In the modern world, people are not satisfied having the same offices as other companies. In order to facilitate such a need for creative office design. The trend toward more stylish offices generates more complicated buildings with less ventilation. Pursuing efficiency, more employees are stationed in smaller rooms. These conditions generated the need for larger capacities of air conditioning. This is logical because managers have realized that poor air quality in the workplace could result in lack of productivity and worse, sickness (Cunningham, 1986). The necessity for more air conditioning system generates more demands of air conditioning machines. However, because companies are constantly searching for ways to enhance efficiency, their attention turn toward products which can deliver similar performance in air conditioning with less prices and more electricity efficient performance. This leads to opportunities for the newly designed Enervent, an air conditioning machine which are significantly cheaper and much more electricity efficient (Piercy, 1982). †¢ New Competitors The highly competitive environment is created by various factors. For one, the amount of players within the industry also plays a great role in shaping the competitive atmosphere. In the air conditioning market, Far Eastern manufacturers have improved their manufacturing capabilities by cooperating with Japanese producers. The new entrants are expected to influence the European market aggressively by means of targeting an established distributor. These new entrants have significantly lower price structures, thus allowing them to deliver cheaper prices to consumers. This leads to harder and more competitive atmosphere in the industry of both air conditioning machines and air purifier machines. In a sense, this also influences Enerven as an alternative between the two products. 6. Marketing Objectives The hardest mission of a marketer in getting the product accepted and recognized within the local environment. The Enervent is a new product with revolutionary technology. Its first year in the market should be the year of promotion and market penetration. Therefore the marketing objectives should be: †¢ Establish presence in local environment There are various factors that could influence how a product will result revenues and profits within its market. Each local environment has different preferences of how products should be. It is important for Enervent to win the hearts of local society by collaborating with local culture and traditions. The failure to achieve that will create poor and undeveloped sales performance. Thus, one of the most important and early marketing objective should be how to generate connection with local markets (Korey, 1986). †¢ Discover new channel of distributions and marketing In the first year of marketing, new products should be brought throughout the markets using various channels and means of transportations. Getting to know the local infrastructure and how will it affect the business is very much important. Thus, discovering new channel of promotion and distribution is also an important objective (Koney, 1986) †¢ Create a distinction Establishing presence and discovering new channels are usually not enough to get the product running and generate revenues and profits. The product needs features or appearance that will differentiate it from other products. This activity is called brand designing (Keegan, 1989). 7. Marketing Mix In the following chapter I will use existing information to make an assessment of how Enervent should be sold. This assessment is important because it determines the shape of the business offering toward consumers. Re-designing the business offerings has been the core purpose of performing a marketing mix analysis. In terms of Enervent, the following is suggested: 7.1. Product Positioning Strategy Enervent should be well promoted to reflect capabilities of the new and revolutionary product. As implied in previous chapters, the product should be advertised as a brilliant alternative to air conditioning and air purifier. It is the combination of both worlds which brings the best of them. The product can also be advertised as the new revolution in air conditioning. The advertising campaign would have to generate the image that Enervent is the next generation of low cost, low energy air conditioning (Keegan, 1989). As mentioned in previous chapter, the product has different opportunities in different segments of the market. Therefore, there is a need to perform different emphasize on different segments of the market. In the medium to high-class households, buildings and offices, the company should focus on promoting the product as a smart replacement of the average air conditioning system because of its air temperature management capabilities and its low cost and energy efficient nature. This would attract those customers which prefer to maintain the naturality of their environments as mentioned before. On the other hand, in the low-income households and offices, the product should be promoted as the new generation of air conditioning. The product should be promoted as the new and brilliant evolution toward environmental friendliness and quality preservation. Because the company is forecasted to generate more sales in this segment, this characteristic of product positioning (as a revolutionary new generation of air conditioning) should be the main scenario of marketing. Other processes within the product positioning activities which require attention includes: paying attention to manufacturing specifications, labeling and packaging to represent the target market we are aiming and the position of our product. The product must also be tested first before it enters the market. Analysts also suggested that the product should be matched with its surrounding environment, whether in times of sale or distribution. For instance, products that travel through the road should contain different specifications and equipments to products that travel through air (Keegan, 1989). 7.2. Pricing Strategy In marketing mix, price is considered as one of the factor that contributes to the total value of product offering. Despite the high quality of the product, if the pricing strategy does no reflect value (which means the value gained from the purchase is greater than the value of money sacrificed for the purchase), then customers would not be appealed to the product. Price has been the most important consideration in buying air conditioner machines for years. Because of the highly advanced technology and the power needed to perform the task of regulating air throughout the surrounding environment, the average air conditioners cost quite a fortune. In terms of Enervent, I propose a new set of pricing considerations which emphasis on acknowledgement of the segments in which the product will be marketed. In other words, the pricing strategy should reflect discounts, bonuses, price competitiveness, etc. Nevertheless, managers cannot ignore the importance of having a valuable product. The psycography of customers sometimes generates new understanding over the behavior of consumers. For one, consumer often mistaken quality with price. Often we find that if we charge higher, people would buy the product more. Managers in charge of the pricing strategy must have considerable sensitiveness toward the behavior of his/her customers. 7.3. Distribution strategy Distribution is also a factor in marketing and selling products. Companies must have provided their officers with sufficient funding in order to prevent lack of funding in the delivery process. Often, the assignment on distribution is in line with order processing stages. In a sense, distribution is an inseparable part of order processing and the process is not over until the products are delivered successfully to customers. In terms of exporting the Enervent, managers of the distribution process should prepare all the necessary export preparation and documentation. Often shipments failed because of the lack of diligence in preparing the required documentation (Basche, 1971). Distribution management includes managing the cost of distribution. In we are to export Enervent as a part of our central operations, than it is important for us to assign the distribution cost to the recipient instead of to our own cost structure. Forwarding freight is crucial in distribution management. Managers of distribution process must also pay attention to other supporting issues like insurance and arbitration. The lack consideration of these small factors could generate problems in later days. In distributing the Enervent, we must also consider the fact that inventory support is crucial for distribution process. Inventory management and warehousing strategies must be accounted to the nature of the product to prevent losses or diminished product quality. 7.4. Promotional activities In terms of advertising and promotion, we have discussed the need to represent Enervent in different ways for different market segments. On the other hand, if reality forces us to choose, we must choose to represent the largest demands on the market. In the Enevernet case, this means promoting the product as the new generation of air conditioning. Promotions can be performed through ‘indirect forms’, like literature, direct mail, etc. There are also a more direct form of promotion which includes exhibitions and trade shows. Often, the presence of a good sales force is also influential to promotional activities. In marketing Enervent, managerial abilities to motivate sales forces are important to promotional activities. This is important considering the product is new in the market. Another way of motivating the promotional activities is by using agents. External agents who receive commissions are generally more motivated to do their job because of the compensation strategy. Reference †Air Pollution Might Affect Lung Development in Children, Study Finds.† 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2007 from http://www.californiahealthline.org/index.cfm?Action=dspItemitemID=105505 ARI CoolNet. â€Å"Air Conditioning: Improving the Way We Live.† Retrieved May 9, 2007 from http://www.ari.org/consumer/history/history-ac.html Basche, J.R. Jr. Export Marketing Services and Costs. 1971. New York: The Conference Board, p4. Cunningham, M.T. Strategies for International Industrial Marketing. 1986. In D.W. Turnbull and J.P. Valla (eds.) Croom Helm p 9. Delonghi.  « Delonghi Portable Air Conditioners Delonghi Portable Air Conditioning.  » 2007. Retrieved May 7, from http://www.delonghi-portable-air-conditioners.co.uk/images/3176.jpg Korey, G. Multilateral Perspectives in International Marketing Dynamics. 1986. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp 34-42 Keegan, W.J. Global Marketing Management. 1989. Prentice Hall International Editions. OK CHINA INDUSTRIAL LTD. â€Å"Wholesale Air conditioner.† 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2007 from http://www.sz-wholesale.com/shenzhen_China_products/Air-conditioner_1.htm Piercy, N. Company Internationalisation: Active and Reactive Exporting. 1982. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp 26-40. Saudi Aircon 2007. 2007. Riyadh Exhibitions. Retrieved May 9, 2007 from http://www.recexpo.com/recweb/show_overview.asp?id=79 â€Å"US Market for Air Conditioning.† Worldwide Market Intelligence. Retrieved May 9, 2007 from www.bsria.co.uk/documents/pdf/misc/17200 leaflet.pdf Ward, Susan. â€Å"How to Find and Master a Niche Market.† 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007 from http://marketing.about.com/od/careersinmarketing/l/aa060303a.htm â€Å"Wind of change in air-conditioning market.† 2006. China Economic Net. Retrieved May 9, 2007 from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/27/content_437865.htm

Humanitarian Intervention Essay Example for Free

Humanitarian Intervention Essay The United Nations is an international organization that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the United Nation’s preamble, it states the organization is â€Å"determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.† However, the U.N. can often be ineffective and it has been an ongoing debate between the world’s leaders whether or not intervention is justified when inhumane acts are committed in foreign lands. Too many human beings have been victims of violence, rape and/or other crimes on the U.N.’s watch all because the organization is not authorized to forcefully intervene in another country. The United Nations Security Council is responsible for preserving peace between nations and even within nations, and when a nation is committing atrocious acts against its citizens, the U.N. and other nations should have the right to intervene militarily to end those abuses. Just as if a teenager would take on the responsibilities of providing a home and food for themselves when they move out, a country assumes the responsibility of taking care of its citizens when it becomes independent. When a country proves to the outside world it is not capable of controlling its citizens and maintaining a peaceful nation, blue helmeted U.N. troops may invade these unstable regions. It would be inhumane for the U.N., any country, or any human to witness a population suffering and not try to interfere in some way. To look the other way would be immoral and an inhumane act of itself. When trying to obtain peace in foreign countries, peaceful negotiations are not always successful and other means are necessary. In the past, the U.N. has not been able to aid suffering populations militarily and has failed to protect the citizens from vicious crimes. In a survey taken by the U.N. in 2007, â€Å"which covered a total of 14 countries, plus the Palestinian Territories, [it] found that solid majorities in each of 12 national pools believe that the U.N. Security Council should have the right to authorize the use of military force to protect innocent people from genocide and other massive abuses, even against the will of their own government† (Lobe). Even with the support of the majority of world, the U.N. still does not have the authority to forcefully protect innocent people from cruelty. When tens of thousands of people were being killed in Darfur, and Rwanda, it was the U.N.’s responsibility to step in and save the lives of those living in a country at an unfortunate time. However, by following their rules of procedure, the U.N. troops were not allowed to use force unless fired upon. Since 2003, â€Å"tens of thousands of people have being killed and over one million people displaced† in Darfur and in 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda (Spectators to Genocide). â€Å"As a result of the massacre [in Rwanda], there are more than one million orphans† (Rust). But when the blue helmeted troops entered the Rwandan chaos, there was not much they could do to stop the genocides that were taking place right before their eyes. It took the United Nations three years after the United States declared the events taking place in Darfur as genocide to interfere, and even still the U.N. has done nothing beneficial to help those suffering in Darfur. Unable to seize weapons, the blue helmets stand by powerless. Had the United Nations involved itself earlier in Rwanda and Darfur and at full force, millions of people’s lives could have been saved or bettered. If the U.N. involved itself militarily, it is possible that the U.N. may have a few casualties, but the United States Army has lost a good number of soldiers over the years while fighting for causes they believe in. Sometimes sacrifices need to be made, and if a few members of the U.N. were lost in effort to protect the lives of thousands of people and potentially save a population, it would be an admirable sacrifice. It should be the world’s responsibility to defend civilians when its government is guilty of neglecting to â€Å"protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity (Reeves). Had the United Nations acted quicker when the Hutus began killing the Tutsis, and put an end to the vicious attacks that took place during those days, future genocides could have possibly been prevented. Instead, the word genocide can be heard more frequently and little is being done to stop that. Thousands of lives could have been saved or altered had the United Nations been able to step in and militarily defend the helpless populations of Rwanda and Darfur. Justification of humanitarian intervention is essential in order to protect the lives and rights of those suffering from genocide. The U.N. should want a reputation of not allowing genocides to take place, but instead the organization is being criticized for the lack of effort and aid being lent to those countries in need. Over the years, too many lives have been lost or damaged due to genocide and other inhumane acts. Humanitarian intervention needs to be allowed when a country is not protecting its citizens, in effort to save the lives of populations. The United Nations’ ineffectiveness in the past should be enough of a reason for why humanitarian intervention should be justified. It is imperative that the United Nations be entitled to militarily involve itself when innocent lives are in danger. Works Cited Charter of the United Nations: Preamble. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. Web. 03 Nov. 2010. . Jim Lobe. U.N.: POLL SHOWS BROAD SUPPORT FOR U.N. ACTION AGAINST GENOCIDE. Global Information Network 6 April 2007 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Reeves, E. Failure to Protect: International Response to Darfur Genocide. Harvard International Review 29.4 (2008): 84-85. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010. Rust, Selina. RWANDA: REMEMBERING THE UNFORGETTABLE. Global Information Network 9 April 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. Spectators to Genocide. Wall Street Journal 2 Aug. 2007, Eastern edition: National Newspaper Abstracts (3), ProQuest. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.

Management Responsibilities at Tesco

Management Responsibilities at Tesco In this study I try briefly to focus on the super market company, Tesco, with emphasis on the operational responsibility of a facility manager, legal, health and safety (HS) obligations, administrative system, day to day responsibility of a facility manager. Introduction: Tesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world (the largest in the UK) and its objectives are to provide its staff with all the necessary training and equipment to perform their everyday jobs efficiently and provide their customers with a service that is second to none. Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available products for its customers, from the best suppliers and also long term reductions throughout the business. Tescos aim is to try and make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spend less per product and get the best value. Tesco are now providing more and more non food products/services including Electrical, Car and Home insurance, Broadband etc. (http://www.tescoplc.com) The responsibilities of the facilities manager for staff engaged in facilities operation (p1) There is a lot of responsibility of a facility manager for the staff engaged in facility operation. The responsibilities related staffs includes Employment condition Pay issue Training and development The wages Holidays TUPE etc. Arranging the appraisal includes certificate safety hand book Keeping report of incident, inspection, HS etc. Legal issue includes Working time regulation ( average 48 hour in a week for full time employee) Rules of dismissal Transfer of undertaking according to the law. The facility manager needs to ensure all the facility according to the law . Responsibility of a facility manager has to operational aspects of the building (p2) Facility manager need to confirm Building space allocated properly. A safe, comfortable and productive environment for the entire employee and the customers visiting the building. Ensure efficient use of building HAVAC, electrical and mechanical system. Demountable walls for office and conference rooms are encouraged for greater flexibility. Flexible modular etc. Manager need follow some regulation The main requirement, workplace (health, safety and welfare) regulation 1992 and their associated approved code of practice (ACOP) Health and safety (display screen equipment) regulations 1992 Building regulations 2000, approved document. (www.HYPERLINK http://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmbuildingHYPERLINK http://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htmdesign.co.uk/mech/landisstaefa/landis.htm) Responsibility of facility manager has towards customers using the facility (p3) Customers are most important part for any supermarket. They should provide some facility for customers And facilities manager maintain all of these facilities which are using by the customers. The responsibilities of facility manager regarding this are- Identify the customer and their need. Provide product information to customer Ensure customer service like customer care assistant, customer care department, complaint center etc. Ensure health and safety issue for customer. Good access for disabled customer. Good security policy for customers. I.e. CCTV, security guard. Information center. Disable toilets Wash room Car parking Sign board for identifying the product. Self service till etc. Impact of employers and funding agencies on facilities operations (P4) The facility manager has to know about conditions and regulations of management board. Ownership of facilities, the employers, management board, local authorities and different funding agencies have important role on facility operation. The manager needs to ensure the facility for them as well as to follow the rule and regulation. Time share programme Car parking facility etc. The demand of authorities Their social tradition etc Recruiting policy Customer facility (car parking, security, health and safety policy) Participate in different environmental and social activities (local club, cultural program) etc. The statutory regulation that affects facility operation (P5) Statutory regulations have important effect on facility operation of any organization. The six-pack consists of six key sets of regulations introduced together in 1992. Some of them have been updated. They are * Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (Management Regulations) -make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to employees (including, specifically, young people and pregnant women) and others affected by their work activities. -plan, organize, control, monitor and review health and safety arrangements etc * Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Workplace Regulations) -These regulations govern much of the responsibility which facilities managers have for ensure that the work premises are clean, comfortable, well-lit, well-ventilated and well-organized. * Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 -Manual handling is the transporting or supporting of a load by hand or bodily force, including lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving. * Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) -Employers must ensure all work equipment (such as tools, photocopiers, vehicles, manufacturing plant) is safe to use, maintained in a safe condition and is inspected for safety by a competent person, used only by trained personnel etc. * Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regulations) -assess whether PPE (such as face masks, gloves etc.) is suitable and provide it to employees exposed to risks, ensure items of PPE worn together are compatible etc. * Health and safety (display screen equipment) regulation 1992 (DSE Regulation) -Every employer shall ensure that any workstation which may be used for the purposes of his undertaking meets the requirements laid down in the Schedule to these Regulations. There are some other key statutory regulations the employer and facility management need to know. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM Regulations) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002 (CAW Regulations) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1989 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989 Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 All regulations effects the facilities operations of Sainsburys and the management system need to be care full about this regulations. In every supermarket they have some legal issues that never been changed or broken. These legal issues sometimes affect in different way in business. These legal issues are most important for customer staff. These issues probably made by the government and under the company. As following Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 Sexual Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) 1999 Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) 2003 Facilities manager responsibility is to maintain all of these legal issues. They never did any differentiate between all of these categories peoples. Health and safety measures implemented by a facility manager (P6) Health and safety in work is one of the most important issues. The facility manager needed to follow the rules and regulation of health and safety issues and should have a nice risk assessment procedure. There are two types of risk Pure risk like fire, storm, theft, violence etc. Business risk such as change of customer expectation, Government policy, Economic impact (credit crunch) etc. Organization needs to follows HSEs five steps for risk assessment- Look for the hazards. Decide who might be harmed and how. Weigh up the risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequate or more needs to be done. Record your findings 5.Review your assessment and revise it if necessary. Tesco follow the regulations given below to maintain health and safety in their organization. * Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) According this regulation the employer must follow these criteria- Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of health risks to employees exposed to hazardous substances. In order of preference, prevent exposure, control exposure or provide PPE provide health surveillance for exposed employees keep exposed employees health records for 40 years attach safety data sheets to COSHH assessments. * Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) According this law tacos health and safety executive (HSE) need to make all the reports of injuries, disease of employees and dangerous occurrence in workplace. These health and safety rules are provided for customers and staffs for keep them safe from any unexpected accident. The health and safety measures that implemented by a facility manager, is Ventilation Temperature Lighting Floor space Sanitation Cleanness and waste materials Fire exit Risk assessment First aid Health and safety training (www.unitetheunion.com) The documentation required to statutory regulations and health and safety measure (p7) Tesco follow a proper documentation system and paper work regarding the statutory regulations and health and safety measures. By keeping the paperwork of their annual health and safety reports. This report provides all the data about serious injuries, facility change, controlling health and safety risks etc. Always keep the HSE posters to maintain control the health and safety of employees. Follow the regulations of fire authority by fulfilling their expectation. By ensuring that the stores have enough fire exits, fire alarms, fire blanket, first aid kit, fire exit sign and train the employees about fire risk Employers liability (compulsory insurance) Act1969 is maintained by Sainsbury to ensure the value of employees. Sainsburys supermarkets have active monitoring system and they take proper reaction regarding the results. In the case of safety representatives, the information must also be sufficient to enable them to carry out their functions under the Regulations. These include: investigation of potential hazards and dangerous occurrences and examine the causes of accidents investigation of members complaints making representations to the employer consulting and receiving information from HSE inspectors and other enforcement officers on behalf of members attending meetings of the safety committee The Facility manager must ensure that each safety representative is provided with reasonable training, in respect of that representatives functions under the Regulations, for which the employer must pay. System processing information and maintaining communications (p8) Before setting the system we need to think some criteria. The system need to cover all data and information of customers and its employees. i.e., For management information there should be information on planning, benchmarking and performance measurement. For property management there needs to be information on property, portfolio control, estate diary and real estate development. For maintaining communication there need to effective IT system. Where customers can get all the information. Also communicate with the customers using media like advertisements, promotions and the website. An effective IT systems is using in the organization to keep the records of customers. Control system required for effective facilities operations (p9) The term control system may be applied to the essentially manual controls that allow operating internal facilities operation. An effective and efficient planning system is important for long-term economic progress. In this sector it includes companys financial issues. In this sectors it is include accounting department store lease cost suppliers payment Stores internal wages staff salary sick pay maternity pay paternity cost store maintenance cost Yearly bonus Pensions Training and development cost Customer facilities cost A good recruiting process need to be controlled by their human resource department. Advertising the vacancies through their website. Receive the applications Consider the applications and calling for interview Choose the right person A good control system is being applied in giving salaries and wages. They also expense money for staff training, new technology development etc. System needed by a facilities manager to support effective building management (p10) A building management system (BMS) is a computer based control system installed in building which normally comprises- Power systems Illumination System Electric Power control system Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning HVAC System Security Observation system Magnetic card and access system Fire alarm system Lifts, Elevators etc. Plumbing system Operational benefits like as low operating cost, high productivity and efficient use of building etc. Maintenance companies benefits are effective use of maintenance staff, ease of information, detecting problems etc. The communication maintained by Ethernet and internet both guest and employee. Appropriate criteria to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P11) Facility management department need to follow appropriate criteria to keep the quality and effectiveness of facility operations in a good level. This is involves the relation of the cost and level of performance. For that we need to know about the resource drivers which help in deployment of resource. Tescos resource drivers can be classified as Quantitative: the floor area of stores, number of stores etc. Qualitative: geographic location of Tescos, their product quality etc. Economic: tax and interest rates, market condition etc. Operating condition: specific lease condition of buildings. Then the facility manager needs to think about their market targets and current performance data. To ensure the performance data FM can use CAFM facility and helpdesk software. The FM should have clear concern about the facility system of competitor. Moreover, Facility manager need to think about sustainable property idea which is based on the principle that the construction and operation of buildings do not lead to any environmental deterioration of natural world resources. FM should consider following to achieve the objective; pollution: reduction in emissions from service vehicles Waste: recycling of waste material where possible, e.g., paper, batteries. Implement evaluation and review procedures to analyse the quality and effectiveness of facility operation (P12) Tesco aims to deliver cheaper and the best available products for their customer. The FM try to make their customers shopping trip as easy as possible and make sure they spends less per product and get the best value. A proper implementation of facility operation will help Tesco to, Keep the operational cost to a minimum Make a safe and healthy place to work follow all the regulations Make all the systems effective etc. Tesco always collect information and data of their competitors, bench marketing, and share market and to comparing data from different organizations. All written documents and feedback of previous operations make it easy to make the quality and effectiveness of facility operation high. Tesco created different facility like as good customer service good access facility(disabled access, space for wheelchair) Enough information facility for of their products Easy to shop (online shopping, free home delivery) etc. Overall a quality and effective facility operation brings these key benefits for Tesco Effective management of organisations assets Enhance staff skills Enables new working styles and process Enhances an Sainsburys identity and image Delivers business continuity and workforce protection in an era of heightened market turbulence and security threats Conclusion and recommendation: As we have seen the responsibility of a facility manager in terms of facility operation, Tesco has mastered and exploited all the concept of facility operation and become the market leader. As a facility manager would like to recommend my managing director to ensure the IT facility and self service till facility at all the store.

Henry James The Wings of the Dove Essay -- Henry James Wings Dove Ess

Henry James' The Wings of the Dove This paper will present briefly Henry James and his thoughts about the art of fiction that is presented by his same titled essay before thoroughly analyzing his novel: The Wings of the Dove. James’ ideas on his article The Art of Fiction will be applied to The Wings of the Dove and the narrative style that he uses will be indicated by certain quotations taken from the novel. James had read classics of English, American, French, and German literature and Russian classics in translation. His models were Dickens, Balzac, and Hawthorne. Then, there is a harness of French, British, and American culture in his works. His first novel, Watch and Ward (1871) was written while he was travelling through Venice and Paris. James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad during his first years in Europe. He is a very important literary figure both in American and British culture. However, he loves Europe and this fact gives us a clue about his interest in different cultures that come out as American characters traveling abroad in most of his novels. James’ approach to the civilization is presented as: Henry James, at the other extreme, never ceased to regard America as essentially an outlying region of European, more specifically of Anglo-Saxon, civilization . . . Henry James was a patriot to his race, and his final transfer of citizenship, though immediately called forth by his sense of America’s procrastination in the World War, was but the outward sign of a temperamental repatriation already complete.1 In fact, the outbreak of World War I was a shock for James and in July 1915 he became a British citizen in protest against the U.S.’ refusal to enter the war. He was sensitive on n... ...elham. The Art of the Novel. New York: Russell &Russell, 1966. Forster, E.M. Roman SanatÄ ±. Trans.ÃÅ"nal Aytà ¼r. Ä °stanbul: Adam YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, 1985. Introductory Notes on Henry James . 14 Dec 2001 . Michalski, Robert. â€Å"Spirit and Material Possession in the Supernatural Fiction of Henry James†. 14 Dec 2001 . Myers, Cathleen. Rev. of â€Å"Washington Square and Wings of the Dove†. 7 Nov 2001 . Wagenknecht, Edward. The Novels of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983. Zervos, Kathry. â€Å"The Subtext of Violance in Henry James’ The Wings of the Dove: The Sacrificial Crisis†. 21 Nov 2001 . . .

The World Trade Organization Essay -- essays research papers

World Trade Organization (WTO)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. The World Trade Organization exists to ensure that trade between nations flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It provides and regulates the legal issues which governs world trade now .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The legal documents of the WTO explore this idea and the individual obligations of member countries. Consumers and producers know that they can enjoy safe supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services that they use. Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. The result is also a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Trade friction is set into the WTO's settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to make sure that countries' trade policies work together. Then, the chance of problems spilling over into political or military situations is lessened. By lowering trade barriers, the ...

Existentialism :: essays research papers

Existentialism Existentialism is a concept that became popular during the second World War in France, and just after it. French playrights have often used the stage to express their views, and these views came to surface even during a Nazi occupation. Bernard Shaw got his play "Saint Joan" past the German censors because it appeared to be very Anti-British. French audiences however immediately understood the real meaning of the play, and replaced the British with the Germans. Those sorts of "hidden meanings" were common throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass censorship. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despare with no meaning in his life, just simply existing, until he made decisive choice about his own future. That is the way to achieve dignity as a human being. Existentialists felt that adopting a social or political cause was one way of giving purpose to a life. Sartre is well known for the "Theatre engage" or Theatre 'commited', which is supposedly commited to social and/or political action. On of the major playwrights during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape, and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement. Other popular playwrights were Albert Camus, and Jean Anouilh. Just like Anouilh, Camus accidentally became the spokesman for the French Underground when he wrote his famous essay, "Le Mythe de Sisyphe" or "The Myth of Sisyphus". Sisyphus was the man condemned by the gods to roll a rock to the top of a mountain, only to have it roll back down again. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an "absurd" hero, with a pointless existance. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was, and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since "if the world were clear, art would not exist". "The Myth of Sisyphus" became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre, and eventually The Theatre of the Absurd. Right after the Second World War, Paris became the theatre capital of the west, and popularized a new form of surrealistic theatre called "Theatre of the Absurd". Many historians contribute the sudden popularity of absurdism in France to the gruesome revelations of gas chambers and war atrocities coming out of Germany after the war. The main idea of The Theatre of the Absurd was to point out man's helplessness and pointless existance in a world without purpose. As Richard Coe described it "It is the freedom of the slave to crawl east along the

Pert Chart

PERT Chart PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) Chart, how it is used to monitor a project activity and its advantages & disadvantages The Project (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) chart is a chart which is widely used to portray statistics in project management. It is essentially designed to analyze and represent the tasks that are assigned to a project team in completing a designated project. The PERT technique of analyzing representing data is first done by the United States Navy for managing the Polaris submarine missile program.This chart is a graphical representation of a project’s schedule and is widely used to schedule, organize and coordinate tasks within a project by the project management team in order to plan and finish the project accordingly. A PERT Chart Just like in the figure above, a PERT Chart is an illustration of a project which is portrayed graphically as a network diagram consisting of the rectangles (known as nodes) which are marked in the form of numbers that represents the events within a project. The lines in the above diagram that are marked as programming, test code, test system, installation, and activity are the tasks of the project.Sequences of these tasks are indicated by the direction of lines. The nodes which are in the form of a series (2, 4, 8, 10 and 7, 9, 11) and the tasks connecting these nodes must be completed in an order and these are known as serial tasks. Likewise, since the tasks between 5 & 6 and 5 & 7 are not in a sequential order, these tasks can be finished simultaneously and these are known as parallel tasks. However the tasks that are represented by dotted lines must be completed in a sequence but they do not require resource or specific time period and these are called dummy activities.These tasks are considered to have event dependency. PERT uses a network representation to capture the precedence or parallel relationships among the tasks in the project. One of the major adv antages of the PERT chart is that the tasks can be performed simultaneously within a project management as this method saves a lot of time and ensures that the project will be finished before its scheduled deadline. This technique can be constructed with a variety of attributes, such as earliest and latest start dates for each task, earliest nd latest finish dates for each task, and slack time between tasks. A PERT chart can document an entire project or a key phase of a project. (2010, PERT Chart) On the flipside, the main setback for a PERT chart is that it is more difficult to interpret for big and complex projects as there is a great chance for the team members to get confused. In most cases and especially for large scale projects, The PERT chart is preferred over the Gantt chart because it clearly illustrates task dependencies, a feature which cannot be used for Gantt chart.On the flip side, the PERT chart can be much more difficult to interpret as it is not exactly a user frie ndly chart. Depending upon the requirements, project management team will use either the PERT chart or Gantt chart. References: (May, 2007) Margaret Rouse; Program Evaluation Review Technique; Retrieved from http://searchsoftwarequality. techtarget. com/definition/PERT-chart (2009) John Chinneck; Practical Optimization; A Gentle Introduction; Retrieved from http://www. sce. carleton. ca/faculty/chinneck/po/Chapter11. pdf (2010) PERT Chart; Retrieved from http://web2. concordia. ca/Quality/tools/20pertchart. pdf

Economy of Russian

In recent times, Russian presses have been full of articles analyzing the Russian thriftiness and making forecasts, most of them pessimistic. Many would translate the Russian thriftiness has fai take miserably in the past one hundred days. afterward the 1917 Revolution, an attempt was made by the commies to acquire an rescue based on collectivised principles. The thought was that the capitalist system led to a chaotic frugality, cruel using of createers and unemployment. The Russian bodied economy rests on the basic principles formed by Karl Marx A centr everyy planned economy. This planned economy would be in use for the undermentioned sixty years.In 1929-1930, under the work misuse forward of collectivization, the terra firma of Russia became state of matter- suffered and cooperatively-owned. There was no perennial any private land ownership. (Torchinsky, 48) The state became the monopolist of the economy. Economy planning bodies worked out the famous Five-year pl ans. The plans regulated everything from output of aircraft to nails and redden eggs. They believed that since the means of production be doggeded to the state, and hence, collectively, to the throng, (because a socialist state is a state be to the volume) the state should control everything. This was to include planning, financing, and salaries. infra this system, people atomic number 18 to be capability and peacefully work for the make headway of ordering. (Diller, 168)The state-controlled sparing theory false that people would work hard because they were working for the collective good, and hence their own good thus there would be no reason for them to be lazy or dishonest. Thus, the defects of capitalism would not show its face. The five-year economic plans would wee-wee it possible to wisely distri exactlye societys resources and to promote development. (Flint, 17)However, over the long term, this style of economy seems to have failed in Russia. At certain tim es-for instance, in restoring the field of study economy after World state of war 1, the Civil War, and World War II, The states fit(p) economic monopoly achieved certain successes, notwithstanding later the basic principles of socialist economic counseling became an insuperable obstacle blocking economic progress in the Soviet magnetic north and in Russia. (Flint, 12) Abolishing private ownership of businesses and land killed peoples desire to succeed or to create and increase their own property. The driving force of personal recognize was absent from tout ensemble work exertion by the people. The socialist lifestyle assumed that tireless and selfless tote for the benefit of society would succeed.Under this system, there was no reason for the common man, or anyone who was not a fanatical supporter of socialism, to work hard or to improve or create anything. Everything disappeared into the states bottomless pockets. A person could work soundly or badly-either way, he re ceived the akin meager wages. (Torchinskii, 51) Many people were satisfied, but some did not work for some years, yet were still guaranteed their wages or salaries by the state.Centralized planning in like manner had a ruinous effect. Workers and peasants merely had to go through the orders passed from above regardless of their practicality. (Hughes, 33) This sometimes departed in goods being produced that no one needful and seed being sown into au naturel(p) or frozen soil. Personal opening move was neither encouraged nor expected. As the years passed, the economic perspective steadily worsened. For some time, the country lived on petrodollars by merchandising oil and gas at busted prices. (Flint, 19) Rivalry in the arms wake with the United States devoured tremendous wealth improver a lot of money and expertness was spent on supporting kindly Communist regimes in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and second America. (Flint, 19)At the 28th Party coition in 19 91, when the delegates started talking at hold up about the critical economic situation and the necessity of reforms, it was already too late. The cave in of the Soviet Union in the primordial 1990s, and the rupture of economic ties between the former Soviet republics that once constituted an economic whole exacerbated the economic downslide, which rapidly became critical. (Diller, 121)In the early 1990s, production continued to decline. economical contacts weakened with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The balance of payments crisis increased. There was a inadequacy of funds, especially hard currency, necessary for get raw materials. As a result of inflation, the purchasing capacity of the population trim and inventories grew. (Torchinskii, 51)Although the situation in Russia is very difficult, imperious aspects offer hope for a recovery. The privatization passage in different industries is progressing, though with enormous difficulties. The agricultural indus try is waiting for the transferral of land to the peasants-a very risky step that could either save the country or ruin it completely. Russia has to create a triple-crown agricultural base to thrive economically. As of July 1, 1993, the number of private farms in Russia was 258,000 they diligent a territory of 27 cardinal acres. (Flint, 33) Most farmland is still controlled by former state farms or collectives, but now they are reconstructed to be joint-stock companies. Agricultural output and grain production has been declining since the early 1990s.Russias military defense team industry includes aircraft building, rocket manufacturing, and the space industry. In all of these industries, Russia has a major regularise in the world market. Russia is also a leading arms producer and supplies countries all over the world. One of the most widely used assault rifles, the AK47, was even invented in Russia. This remains the basic weapon of the Russian Army and of umteen an(prenomin al) other Communist countries. (Hughes, 53)Finally, the country has immense manpower-the people who are able and want to work condescension many decades of nearly losing the habit. There flock be no doubt that alteration is not far away. Russias labor resources constituted 86.2 million people in 1992, or 58 percent of the population. (Flint, 65) In 1993, this number was 85.7 million. The number of people in Russia that are actually employed has been move steadily since the early 1990s.In conclusion, the economy of Russia is by no means the range of a function of a great economy, but many of the resources they have do help. Many people have tried to help come along the Russian economy, (Gorbachev, Stalin, Lenin, Yeltsin, and the Tzar) but all of them had their many moments of failures. The new Commonwealth of Independent States or the CIS has worked hard to make new plans for an economy that can rise to the occasion and incur the best it has ever been before. With their abunda nce of ingrained resources, manpower, and knowledgeable people, Russia can become a major power quickly, but all they need is a guiding hand.